Research Concepts Summary

The congregation moves through 4 stages Planning Acting Observing reflecting This inquiry is familiar among Organizational management Community development Education Agriculture ethnography is a nonher type of query, the emphasis is on describing and interpreting cultural behavior. The inquiryers enrol in group activities while observing their behavior, taking notes and conducting call into questions etc. It whitethorn also be called Fieldwork or Participant observation Feminist look into is that another type of search.There was an argument of whether this was a methodology (general principle which depart guide your look) r an Epistemology (study of nature of knowledge and Justification, it looks where the knowledge came from and how we know what we know). just it rout out be both. Feminist look for is just around the fact that for the to the highest degree part male plenty atomic number 18 purposed for research and when a research is called objective and scie ntific truth when but use male histrions, thats not right. Its emphasis is on participative, qualitative inquiry. Feminist research has provided a modelling for police detectives who do not want to treat people as research objects.Grounded scheme The emphasis in this methodology is on the generation of conjecture which is grounded n the information this means that it has emerged from the data. Grounded theory is therefore flexible and enables upstart issues to emerge that the researcher whitethorn not commit thought about previously. Triangulation Combining qualitative and quantitative research. Unstructured hearings As less questions as possible Participant free to talk about what he/she demands only for qualitative research Semi-structured interviews researcher wants to know specific schooling which can be comp ared.Same questions bring on to be chartered but the researcher can be flexible There is a posit of an interview schedule qualitative social research Struc tured interviews Asks a series of questions and ticks boxes Used in quantitative research Focus Groups whitethorn also be called word of honor groups or group interviews. The discussion is led by a moderator or facilitator who introduces the topic, packs specific questions, controls digressions and stops break-away conversations. She invents sure no one dominates the group and everyone contributes.Focus groups Advantages Disadvantages sens receive a wide range of responses during one meeting. Some people may be uncomfortable in a group scenery and nervous about speaking in front of others. Participants can ask questions of separately other, lessoning impact of researcher bias. Not everyone may contribute. Helps people to phone issues they might otherwise submit forgotten Other people may contaminate an individuals views. Helps participants to overcome inhibitions, especially if they Some researchers may find it voiceless or intimidating to moderate a cogitate group.The gro up subject is a useful resource in data analysis. Venues and equipment can be expensive. Participant interaction is useful to analyses Difficult to extract individual views during the analysis. 3 types of Questionnaires . Closed-ended questionnaires This type of questionnaire is utilize to generate statistics. They follow a set format, and close of them can be imported into a program to generate its data. 2. unrestricted questionnaires Are used in qualitative research, although some researchers leave define the answers during the analysis stage.This will not only be box check but there will also be space for the participant to fill in their own answers. This kind of questionnaire might also focus on what people think about a certain social function which make it more herculean to analyses the data. 3. Combination of both Many researchers use this combination to get either qualitative and quantitative data. Market research and online poll companies pay their participants mon ey to fill in their questionnaire which makes the participants loyal chase and receive data earlier because they can work with deadlines.However, in this research participants are self-selecting, they do this on a voluntary basis and perhaps they only do it for the money. There are 2 shipway researchers determine Participant observation they participate in the group theyre observing strike observation Just look at the people youre observing, mostly used in psychology search Overt Overt participant observation, where everyone knows whos the researcher and what shes doing. Chapter 4 alternative research collection of information from studies that other researchers have do of a subject.Primary research question you conduct yourself Primary research Secondary research Relevant people Research books Researcher observation Research reports Researcher recognize Journal articles Historical records/texts Articles reproduced online Company/organization records scientific debates Pers onal documents (diaries) Critiques of literary works Statistical data Critiques of art kit and caboodle of literature Analyses of historical events Works of art Film/ video lab experiments Summary There are dickens types of background research base and tributary research.Primary research involves the study of a subject through set-back hand observation and investigation. Secondary research involves the collection of information from studies fastest way to access secondary sources are libraries or the internet. Any information obtained from secondary sources must be carefully assessed for its relevance and accuracy. Notes from primary and secondary sources should be ruefully filed and labeled so that the source can be found again, if required. When noting point for books, reports or articles which may appear in the final exam report, include all the details which would be needed for the bibliography.Chapter 5 2 different ways of sampling Purposive sampling Snowball model A sk one person for more names who are apparent to help. Quota smack to make sure all the groups in a partnership are represented. Theoretical sampling exploitation this method the emerging theory helps the researcher to choose the sample a convenience sample The researcher is a teacher himself and decides to interview colleagues, as he has limited meter and resources available to him. Cluster sample a random cluster of e. G. Schools in a geographic world is chosen to convey research random sample Randomly generate. Quasi-random sample or systematic sample Using this method he chooses a random point on the constitute and then every third pupil is selected stratified random sample Using this method the researcher stratifies his sample by subject area and then chooses a random sample of pupils from each subject area. disproportional stratified sample increase the sample size of the science pupils to make sure that his ATA are meaningful If it is not possible to contact everyone in the research population, researchers select a number of people to contact. This is called sampling.There are two main types of sampling category probability samples and purposive samples. In probability samples, all people within the research population have a specifiable chance of being selected Only within random samples do participants have an equal chance of being selected Purposive samples are used if generalization is not the point The size of sample will figure upon the type and purpose of the research Sample sizes should take into count issues of non-response mean that with postal surveys it might be difficult to control and know who has make full in the questionnaire.Will this affect your sample? In some purposive samples it is difficult to specify at the sampling techniques within one project which may help to overcome some of the disadvantages found within different procedures. Chapter 6 The content of a project 1. Title Should be short and informative 2. Backg round Why are you undertaking the project? Why is the research needed? You need to show that you know what youre talking about. 3. Aims and objectivesThe aim is the boilersuit driving force of the research and the objectives are the means by which you fate to achieve the aims. These must be clear and succinct. Why have you heady upon your methodology? Why have you decided to chose those particular methods? Why are other methods not appropriate? This section needs to include details about samples, numbers of people to be contacted, method of data collection, methods of data analyses and ethical considerations. . Timetable A expound timetable scheduling all aspects of the research should be produced. 6. Budget and resources If youre applying to a funding body you need to think about what you will need for your research and how much this is akinly to cost. 7. Dissemination What do you expect to do with the results of your research? How are you going to let people know about what yo u have found out?Reasons computable end Reasons why proposals fail Relevance, either to the work of the funding body or to the students course Aims and objectives are unclear of vague The research is unique, or offers new insight or development There is a mismatch among the approach being adopted and the issues to be addressed The title, aims ND objectives are all clear and succinct The overall plan is in any case wishful and difficult to achieve in the timescale Comprehensive and thorough background research and literature review has been undertaken The researcher does not seem to have conducted replete in-depth background research There is a good match amid the issues to be addressed and the approach being adopted Problem is of lacking(p) importance The researcher demonstrates relevant background knowledge and/or obtain data about the data collection method is insufficiently detailed Timetable, sources and calculate have all been worked out thoroughly, with most eventua lities covered Information about the data analysis method is insufficiently detailed efficacious policy and practice implications Timescale is inappropriate or unrea harkenic Resources and budget have not been carefully thought out This topic has been done too many times before indicates a lack of background research Most research projects will require the production of research proposal which sets out clearly and succinctly you proposed project. Before you write your proposal, check whether you need to produce it in a specific formatThe standard research proposal should include the following title background (including literature search) aims and objectives methodology/methods timetable budget and resources dissemination. Research proposals stand a better chance of being received if youre able to prove that you have the required knowledge and/or experience to carry out the research effectively. It is important to make sure that your proposed methods will address the probl em you have identified and that you are able to discover an brain of these methods. Chapter 7 For most types of interview you need to construct an interview schedule. For structured interviews you will need to construct a list of questions which is asked in the same order and format to each participant.For semi-structured interviews the schedule may be in the form of a list of questions or a list of topics. However, a list of topics tends to offer more flexibility, especially in shapeless interviews where the interviewee is left to discuss issues she deems to be important. By ticking off each topic from your list as it is discussed, you can ensure that all topics have been covered. An interviewer has to establish rapport before a participant will bundle personal information with him/her, there are a number of ways to do this Treat interviewees with respect ideate about your appearance Think about body language Firm eye contact Dont engross their space Thats interesting can you explain that in more detail?Im not quite sure I understand. You were saying? Can you profuse a detailed more? Could you clarify that? Could you expand upon that a little? When you say . , what do you mean? Practice with the written text equipment before the interview takes place. It might be useful to conduct some pilot interviews so that you can become familiar with the recording equipment. Develop an interview schedule, commencement with general, non- personal issues. Check the recording equipment works and make sure you have enough tapes, disks, memory and/or batteries, paper, pens etc. Check that you have a suitable venue in which to carry out the interview, free from hoo-ha and interruptions.Make sure you know how to get the interview and arrive in good time. Dress and behave appropriately Establish report Negotiate a length of time for the interview and stick to it, unless the interviewee is happy to continue. Ask able questions, listen to responses and probe where nec essary. Keep questions short and to the point. Avoid Jargon, double-barreled questions and lead story questions Listen carefully and acknowledge that you are listening Check recording equipment is working without drawing attention to it Repeat and summaries answers to aid clarity and understanding Achieve closure, thank them and leave a contact number in case they wish to get in touch with you about anything that has arisen.Respect their confidentiality do not pass on what has been said to third parties unless you have pass permission to do so Chapter 8 Asking questions Easy to ask questions should be asked first in focus groups, personal disclosure is dearly-won in the ending phase of an interview/ or such like it. Make sure that no one person dominates the discussion as this will influence your data. Seeking responses You have to use your discretion about how much you do this as there might be cause when somebody is unwilling or too nervous to contribute. Often, some of the m ost useful and pertinent information is given once the official time is over. Also, you will find that people talk to you on an individual basis by and by the group has finished, especially those who might have been nervous contributing in a group setting.